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Progressivism is a political and social term that
refers to ideologies and movements favoring or
advocating changes or reform, usually in a statist or
egalitarian
direction for economic policies (government management)
and liberal direction for social policies (personal
choice). Progressivism is often viewed in opposition to
conservative ideologies.
In the
United States,
the term progressive emerged in the late 19th
century into the 20th century in reference to a more
general response to the vast changes brought by
industrialization: an alternative to both the
traditional
conservative
response to social and economic issues and to the
various more radical streams of
socialism
and
anarchism
which opposed them. Political parties, such as the
Progressive Party,
organized at the start of the 20th century, and
progressivism made great strides under American
presidents
Theodore Roosevelt,
William H. Taft,
Woodrow Wilson,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
and
Lyndon Baines Johnson.[1]
Despite being associated with
left-wing politics,
the term "progressive" has also been used by groups not
particularly left-wing. The
Progressive Democrats
of
Ireland
have taken the name "progressivism" despite being
considered right-wing. The
European Progressive Democrats
was a mainly heterogeneous political group in the
European Union.
The
term "progressive" is today often used in place of "liberal".
Although the two are related in some ways, they are
separate and distinct political ideologies. According to
John Halpin, senior advisor on the staff of the
Center for American Progress,
"Progressivism is an orientation towards politics,
It's not a long-standing ideology like liberalism, but
an historically-grounded concept... that accepts the
world as dynamic." Progressives see progressivism as
an attitude towards the world of politics that is
broader than conservatism vs. liberalism, and as an
attempt to break free from what they consider to be a
false and divisive dichotomy.[4][5]
Cultural Liberalism is ultimately founded on a concept
of
natural rights
and
civil liberties,
and the belief that the major purpose of the government
is to protect those rights. Liberals are often called "left-wing",
as opposed to "right-wing"
conservatives. The progressive school, as a unique
branch of contemporary political thought, tends to
advocate certain center-left or left-wing views that may
conflict with mainstream liberal views, despite the fact
that modern liberalism and progressivism may still both
support many of the same policies (such as the concept
of
war
as a general last resort).
American progressives tend to oppose the growing
influence of corporations. Progressives are in
agreement on an international scale with left-liberalism
in that they support organized labor and
trade unions,
they usually wish to introduce a
living wage,
and they often support the creation of a
universal health care
system. Yet progressives tend to be more concerned with
environmentalism than mainstream liberals, and are often
more skeptical of the government, positioning themselves
as
whistleblowers
and advocates of governmental reform. Finally, liberals
are more likely to support the
Democratic Party
in America and a
Labour party
or
Liberal Party
in Europe and Australia, while progressives tend to feel
disillusioned with any two-party system, and vote more
often for third-party candidates.
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